Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) in Buffaloes: Symptoms and Prevention

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS), locally known as 'Gal Ghotu' or 'Ghurka', is a serious bacterial disease that primarily affects buffaloes and cattle. It is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. This disease spreads rapidly and has a very high mortality rate, often leading to death within 24-48 hours once symptoms appear. It is particularly prevalent in India during the rainy season when humidity is high and animals are stressed.

Recognising Symptoms of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

It is vital for farmers to recognise the signs of HS quickly, although the disease often progresses very fast. The main symptoms include:

High Fever: Animals will have a sudden high fever, often reaching 105-107°F (40.5-41.5°C).
Swelling: Characteristic painful, hot swelling develops rapidly in the throat, neck, and brisket (chest area). This swelling can make breathing difficult.
Difficulty Breathing: Due to throat swelling, animals may show open-mouth breathing, extend their neck, and make gurgling or roaring sounds.
Nasal Discharge: A watery discharge from the nose, which later becomes thick and mucoid.
Salivation: Excessive drooling or frothing from the mouth.
Loss of Appetite: Affected animals will stop eating and drinking.
Depression and Weakness: Animals become dull, lethargic, and weak, often refusing to move.
Diarrhoea: Sometimes, animals may develop diarrhoea, which can be bloody in later stages.
Sudden Death: Many animals, especially young ones, may die suddenly without showing many clear symptoms.

How Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Spreads

HS spreads through direct contact with infected animals or indirectly through contaminated feed, water, and equipment. The bacteria are present in the nasal and oral secretions of sick animals. Carrier animals, which appear healthy but carry the bacteria, can also spread the disease, especially when stressed.

Effective Prevention and Control Measures

Prevention is the most effective strategy against Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, as treatment is often unsuccessful due to the rapid progression of the disease. Key measures include:

Vaccination: This is the most critical step. Vaccinate all buffaloes and cattle annually, ideally before the onset of the monsoon season.
Isolation: Immediately isolate any sick animals from the healthy herd to prevent further spread.
Hygiene: Maintain strict hygiene in sheds, feeding areas, and watering troughs. Regularly clean and disinfect these areas.
Stress Reduction: Avoid overcrowding and provide good nutrition to reduce stress, which can weaken an animal's immune system.
Quarantine New Animals: Always quarantine new animals for at least 3-4 weeks before introducing them to your main herd.

Recommended Vaccination Schedule

Animal Age/StageVaccine TypeFrequencyCalves (3-6 months)HS VaccineFirst doseAdultsHS VaccineAnnually (before monsoon)Pregnant AnimalsConsult vet (usually safe in mid-pregnancy)Annually

Treatment Options (If Symptoms Appear)

Once symptoms of HS appear, treatment is challenging and often has limited success. However, a veterinarian may administer broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive therapy to try and save the animal. Early and aggressive treatment is necessary, but the prognosis remains guarded. This highlights why prevention is far more effective than cure for HS.

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia is a devastating disease for buffalo farmers. By understanding its symptoms, implementing a regular vaccination program, and maintaining good farm hygiene, you can significantly reduce the risk of this deadly infection in your herd and protect your valuable animals.