Manganese is an essential micronutrient required by wheat for optimal plant growth and development. It plays a vital role in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and enzyme activation. A deficiency in this nutrient can lead to yield loss, poor grain quality, and susceptibility to pests and diseases.
Identifying Manganese Deficiency
Manganese deficiency symptoms appear on younger leaves, while older leaves remain unaffected. Some of the common signs of manganese deficiency in wheat include chlorosis, yellowing between the veins, and reddish-brown spots on leaves. The deficiency may also cause the plant to lose vigor and delay maturity.
Causes and Effects of Manganese Deficiency
Manganese deficiency can be caused by a range of factors including sandy soil, high soil pH, low organic matter content, and high levels of calcium and magnesium ions in the soil. Other factors such as low soil moisture, erosion, and lack of manganese uptake can exacerbate the condition.
The effects of manganese deficiency on wheat are numerous. It can slow the growth rate of the plant, delay heading, decrease the number of tillers, and make the tillers less erect. In the end, the plant may not produce as much grain as it could have, and the yield will be lower.
Controlling Manganese Deficiency
Gardeners and farmers should take the necessary steps to prevent and control manganese deficiency in wheat. Below are some ways to do so:
Soil Management
Adding organic matter to soils can help improve soil structure, fertility, and nutrient availability to plants. By increasing soil organic matter, the soils pH level is lowered.
Soil testing
Conducting a soil test analysis will help identify nutrient deficiencies, particularly manganese. A soil test is the most reliable and cost-effective method for accurately determining nutrient levels.
Fertilizer Applications
Manganese fertilizers can be applied to soils to correct deficiencies and maintain optimum plant growth. The application of at least 15 kg per hectare of iron sulfate is recommended for soil correction.
Foliar Spray
Foliar sprays, which are nutrient-containing solutions, can be applied directly to the foliage of the wheat plant to provide a quick and effective supply of manganese. A solution of 1% manganese sulphate can be sprayed on to the plant.
Conclusion
Manganese deficiency can be effectively managed through proper soil management, soil testing, and fertilization. An Integrated Plant Nutrient Management System (INMS) has to be designed that takes into account, among other things, the variability of soil fertility conditions, the cost-effectiveness of fertilizers, the eco-system services being provided by the land, and the market demands for the commodity. By these methods, wheat crops can be grown at their optimum potential, yield, and health.