Iron deficiency is one of the major micronutrient-related problems that significantly affect paddy productivity worldwide. Iron is an essential micronutrient for paddy growth, development, and yield. It plays an essential role in chlorophyll synthesis, respiration, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity. However, iron deficiency in paddy results in chlorosis, stunted growth, and reduced yield.
Iron deficiency in paddy is mainly caused by the presence of excessive soil pH, high soil alkalinity, and low soil organic matter content. The severity of iron deficiency in paddy is even more prevalent in rice soils with high pH values and high soil bicarbonate content. The iron in such soil conditions is converted into an insoluble form, which cannot be absorbed by paddy roots.
To overcome iron deficiency in paddy, the following strategies can be employed:
1. Soil management: Soil management practices such as liming, manuring, and gypsum application can help reduce soil alkalinity, increase soil organic matter content, and enhance the availability of iron in paddy soil.
2. Plant breeding and selection: Plant breeding for iron-efficient paddy varieties is essential in regions where iron deficiency is common. The plant breeders select paddy varieties that can tolerate soil conditions with low iron levels, resulting in better paddy yield.
3. Foliar application of Iron: Foliar application of iron can directly supply iron to paddy leaves, thereby improving chlorophyll production, photosynthesis, and paddy yield. This method is particularly useful in soils with high soil pH levels, where iron cannot be absorbed by paddy roots.
4. Soil application of iron: Soil application of iron compounds such as ferrous sulfate, chelated iron, and iron EDTA can improve the availability of iron in the soil. However, the effectiveness of this method depends on the pH of the soil.
5. Soil acidification: Soil acidification is a potential strategy to overcome iron deficiency in paddy. This method involves the addition of acidic materials such as sulfur to the soil, which can reduce soil pH levels and improve the availability of iron to paddy roots.
In conclusion, iron deficiency is a significant limiting factor to paddy yield and productivity. The strategies discussed above can help overcome iron deficiency in paddy and improve its productivity. The choice of strategy depends on the severity of iron deficiency and the specific needs of paddy crops. Therefore, a combination of these strategies may be necessary to achieve the desired results.