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Groundnut or peanut is an important legume crop in many parts of the world. It is a major source of protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed. To obtain a good yield, it is necessary to follow certain agronomic practices, including proper fertilization. Here is some information on fertilizer application in groundnut crop.
Groundnut is a moderately heavy feeder crop, which means it requires a good amount of nutrients for growth and development. However, excessive fertilizer application can lead to nutrient imbalances, soil pollution, and environmental damage. Therefore, it is important to determine the appropriate fertilizer rate, timing, and placement based on the soil fertility status and the crop’s nutrient requirements.
Soil testing is the first step in determining the soil nutrient status and fertilizer requirements. A soil sample should be collected from the field and analyzed for fertility parameters such as pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. Based on the soil test recommendations, a fertilizer program can be designed.
The nitrogen (N) requirement of groundnut varies depending on the soil type, variety, and cropping system. Generally, groundnut requires 40-60 kg N/ha in two or three splits. The first application of 20-25 kg N/ha can be broadcasted or band applied at the time of sowing or within the first 15 days of emergence. The second and third applications of 15-20 kg N/ha each can be given at the time of flowering and pod development stages, respectively. An additional 10-20 kg N/ha may be required for intercropped legumes like cowpea or green gram.
Phosphorus (P) is important for root development and pod formation in groundnut. The P requirement of groundnut is about 20-30 kg P2O5/ha. Phosphatic fertilizers like single superphosphate (SSP) or diammonium phosphate (DAP) can be applied at the time of sowing or in the basal split.
Potassium (K) is crucial for water use efficiency, disease resistance, and oil quality in groundnut. The K requirement of groundnut is about 30-40 kg K2O/ha. Potash fertilizers like muriate of potash (MOP) or sulfate of potash (SOP) can be applied in the basal split or in two or three splits along with N and P fertilizers.
Micronutrients like zinc, boron, and iron are essential for proper growth and development of groundnut. Zinc deficiency is a common problem in groundnut, especially in alkaline soils. Foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate or 0.5% zinc chelate can be done at the 25-30 days after sowing (DAS) and 45-50 DAS stages. Boron deficiency can lead to flower and pod abortion in groundnut. Foliar application of 0.2% borax or 0.1% boron chelate can be done at the early flowering stage. Iron deficiency can cause chlorosis or yellowing of leaves in groundnut. Foliar application of 0.5-1.0% ferrous sulfate or 0.1-0.2% ferric chelate can be done at the early vegetative stage.
In conclusion, fertilizer application is a critical component of groundnut cultivation for obtaining optimal yields and quality. A balanced and judicious use of fertilizers, based on soil testing and crop requirements, can improve soil health, economic returns, and environmental sustainability.